Juvenile Delinquency - 3863 Words

Juvenile delinquency Juvenile delinquency, also known as juvenile offending, or youth crime, is participation in illegal behavior by minors (juveniles) (individuals younger than the statutory age of majority).Most legal systems prescribe specific procedures for dealing with juveniles, such as juvenile detention centers, and courts. A juvenile delinquent is a person who is typically under the age of 18 and commits an act that otherwise would have been charged as a crime if they were an adult. Depending on the type and severity of the offense committed, it is possible for persons under 18 to be charged and tried as adults. In recent years, the average age for first arrest has dropped significantly, and younger boys and girls are committing†¦show more content†¦Ethnic minority status (that is, experience as non- White) has been included as a risk factor of psychosocial maladaptation in several studies (e.g., Gutman et al. 2003; Sameroff et al. 1993; Dallaire et al. 2008), and represents a relative social disadvantage placed on these individuals. Though the relation between delinquency and race is complex and may be explained by other contextual risk variables (see, for example, Holmes et al. 2009), the total arrest rate for black juveniles aged 10–17 is more than twice that as of white juveniles (National Center for Juvenile Justice 2008)(p. 1474). †¢ Risk factors The two largest predictors of juvenile delinquency are parenting style, with the two styles most likely to predict delinquency being permissive parenting, characterized by a lack of consequence-based discipline and encompassing two subtypes known as neglectful parenting, characterized by a lack of monitoring and thus of knowledge of the childs activities, and indulgent parenting, characterized by affirmative enablement of misbehavior), and authoritarian parenting, characterized by harsh discipline and refusal to justify discipline on any basis other than because I said so; and peer group association, particularly with antisocial peer groups, as is more likely when adolescents are left unsupervised. Other factors that may lead a teenager into juvenile delinquency include, poor orShow MoreRelatedJuvenile Delinquency1154 Words   |  5 PagesDiscussion In common parlance, there is an understanding of juvenile delinquency as meaning adolescents breaking the law or participating in mischievous behavior. Defining juveniles as being under the age of 18 years is the general rule of thumb because, in the current legal system, upon reaching this age individuals can be tried as adults, serve in the military, and, in some states, consume alcohol. (Reckless, 1972) One may ask why juvenile delinquency is viewed as a separate construct from adult deviantRead MoreJuvenile Delinquency2109 Words   |  9 PagesJuvenile Delinquency 1 Juvenile Delinquency: Features, Causes and Solutions Shen Cheng Class: 110 Teacher: Stephanie February 29, 2012 Juvenile Delinquency 2 Outline I. Introduction Thesis statement: Nowadays, there is no denying that Juvenile Delinquency has become one of the hottest social issues. The features, causes, and solutions of Juvenile Delinquency will be discussed about in this research. II. The features of Juvenile Delinquency A. The average age of juveniles who commitRead MoreJuvenile Delinquency2343 Words   |  10 PagesOpener: B. Thesis statement: This term paper explores how family issues attribute to juvenile delinquency and how to overcome it. II. First and foremost, an unstable family structure is one of the contributing factors to juvenile delinquency. A. Single-parent household vs. two-parent household B. Child maltreatment 1. emotional neglect 2. physical abuse III. Secondly, studies have shown that juvenile delinquency is conclusively related to the family environment. A. Family cohesion B. Increasing numberRead MoreJuvenile Crime And Juvenile Delinquency1322 Words   |  6 PagesVersion). Juvenile crime, in law, term denoting various offense committed by children or youth under the age of 18. U.S. official crime reported that in the mid-1900’s â€Å"about one-fifth of all persons arrested for crimes were under the age of 18† (Funk Wagnalls, 2014). Such acts are sometimes referred to as juvenile delinquency (Funk Wagnalls, 2014. Offering constructive programs reduces juvenile delinquency and reduces recidivism. â€Å"From the beginning, the principal consideration of the juvenile courtsRead MoreJuvenile Delinquency : Adult Delinquency2861 Words   |  12 PagesAlexis Kelly SOC 333 William Franks Spring 2015 Juvenile Delinquency Prevention Programs What is juvenile delinquency? Juvenile delinquency relates to minors who commit law violations. Instead of adults commiting â€Å"crimes’, juveniles are considered to commit â€Å"delinquent acts†. Society sees juvenile delinquents as immature and in need of guidance, which is different to adults, who are seen to be responsible for their crimes. Juvenile delinquency can occur in any community, neighborhood, and schoolsRead MoreJuvenile Delinquency2264 Words   |  10 PagesJuvenile Delinquency is the participation of illegal behavior by a minor who falls under a statutory age limit. A delinquent is a minor who commits a crime or a status offense. A status offense is conduct that is illegal only because the child is under age i.e. smoking cigarettes (Senna 10, 20). The cases of Eric Smith, Lionel Tate, and an unidentified NJ child are similar only because, they are guilty of killing another child, but the Criminal Justice System treated and punished them very different lyRead MoreJuvenile Crime And Juvenile Delinquency1458 Words   |  6 PagesDay in and day out residents and visitors to the Boston area are affected by juvenile crime and delinquency. Though the crime rates in MA and across the nation are on a steady decline, these juvenile crimes are still considered a serious matter that needs attention. It is thought that juvenile offenders do not cope as well with the criminal justice system as well as adults may be able to and therefore there needs to be a focus on how the system can better aid in the rehabilitation of these youthfulRead MoreJuvenile Delinquency Essay1646 Words   |  7 PagesA juvenile delinquent offense is an act committed by a juvenile for which an adult would be tried at a criminal court. New statistics give an alarming picture: juvenile delinquency is higher as never before. According to the census bureau, in 2008 there were 1,653,000 recorded delinquent offenses in the United States. This is a 23.6% increase from 1990 when 1,337,000 delinquent offenses occurred. Today, a lot of people demand lowering the age of criminal responsibility and draconian penalties (JensonRead MoreThe And Prevention Of Juvenile Delinquency970 Words   |  4 PagesJuveniles in the justice system is an issue relevant not only to people in the criminal justice system but to society in general. There have been a number of studies done that link serious behavior problems in children to adult criminal conduct. In more recent years, there has been more research done regarding the causes and prevention of juvenile delinquency. The Department of Juvenile Justice lists 3 broad categories with many subcategories to help us understand what contributes to juvenile delinquencyRead MoreJuvenile Delinquency Is A Problem1508 Words   |  7 PagesJuvenile Delinquency When looking into the history of United States and elsewhere juvenile delinquency is a problem and has been one for over a century. Like other systems in place, the system involving juvenile delinquents has gone through many stages. In the case of the juvenile delinquency, it has gone through four stages, with us presently in the fourth. The causes behind juvenile delinquency are still unknown even today. Some blame it on the current culture, the over-exposure to violence

A Research Study On Sleep Hygiene - 2212 Words

America as a whole is sleep deprived. The Institute of Medicine estimated that 50 to 70 million Americans suffer from chronic wakefulness or sleep disorders, which the organization associates with numerous health consequences (Colton and Altevogt, 2006). Research has shown that the emerging adult population’s sleep is suboptimal (Hicks and Pellegrini, 1991), and is related to poor health and wellbeing outcomes (Pilcher, Ginter, and Sadowsky, 1997). There have been a few universities have tried intervention programs to improve sleep, and those that have emphasize the need for education on good sleep hygiene. Sleep hygiene is, â€Å"modifiable and the behaviors and conditions associated with it as a determinant to sleep can be changed to improve sleep quality and the resulting health-related quality of life† (Jennings, 2013, p. 31). It could be argued that having an intervention program focusing on sleep hygiene education that focuses on sleep hygiene that could result in a drastic change in academic success, involvement in one’s institution, and overall health and wellness. The Dream Team could be that intervention program. The Dream Team would be a sleep focused intervention program ran out of the Luther College Nena Amundson Lifetime Wellness Program with a focus on first-year students. The program would use students’ intrinsic interests to encourage them to invest in their sleep hygiene. The Dream Team program would begin with a presentation about why sleep and sleep hygieneShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Sleep On Health And Quality Of Life Through Prevention And Treatment Of Disease Essay1589 Words   |  7 PagesThis essay will show different sleep interventions that have been used among one of the most sleep deprived generations, college students. An intervention is a way to improve health and quality of life through prevention and treatment of disease and other physical and mental health conditions. 7 out of every 10 college students say that they get fewer than the suggested amount of sleep each night. While many students aren’t sleeping enough either, 68% of those student’s state that they have troubleRead MoreResearch Study : Relationships Of Eating Competence, Sleep Behaviors And Quality, And Overweight Status Among College Students Essay1091 Words   |  5 Pages1) Research Study: Relationships of eating competence, sleep behaviors and quality, and overweight status among college students Intro: Lack of sleep has been identified as a major public health issue found to contribute to chronic conditions such as obesity, diabetes (type 2) and hypertension. As sleeping habits worsened over the years, obesity and unhealthy eating trends continued to climb. In contrast cross-sectional studies support the notion that sufficient sleep promotes â€Å"health related behaviorsRead MoreSleep Deprivation On College Students1488 Words   |  6 Pages Sleep Deprivation in College Students Stress Management Betty Diaz August 14, 2017 Abstract A common problem in many young adults in college is sleep deprivation. College students are some of the most sleep deprived people. Their sleep hygiene behavior is worse than adults. An adequate amount of sleep time is 7 to 8 hours each night to complete a regular sleep cycle. When college students have less sleep time, they are disturbing their sleeping cycle and their bodies respond by decreasing theirRead MoreSleep Habits among Teens1280 Words   |  6 PagesPeople often tend to believe that teenagers do not sleep simply because they do not want to. Is this really the case, or is there something preventing them from being able to sleep? For the past three years, I have had trouble sleeping. Regardless of what time I go to bed, it is literally impossible for me to fall asleep before midnight, and often much later. Once I finally do fall asleep, I cannot stay asleep for more than an hour at a time. This has taken a tremendous toll on me. It makesRead MoreThe Effects Of Physic al Health On Sleep And Dreams1669 Words   |  7 PagesThe Effects of Physical Health on Sleep and Dreams The human body and mind work together in a continual cycle of work and rest, there are many people who neglect their physical health, in turn neglecting their psychological health. Every action taken, no matter how significant or insignificant to the body during the working cycle or waking hours, has positive and negative effects on the resting cycle or recovery hours. Although, it is important to maintain the balance of proper nutrition, adequateRead MoreThe Effects Of Light Emitting Electronics On The Human Sleep Cycle1541 Words   |  7 PagesEllie Murphy Mrs. Webb Science Fair Research Paper October 6, 2015 Eye can t get to sleep! The effect of light emitting electronics on the human sleep cycle. Which affects your sleep more: blue light, books, or doing nothing before bed? Americans on the whole are not getting enough sleep. A recent study conducted by the CDC determined that, among 74,571 adult respondents in 12 states, 35.3% reported less than 7 hours of sleep during a typical 24-hour period, 37.9% reported unintentionally fallingRead MoreThe Effects Of Sleep Deprivation On College Students987 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction Sleep is an incredibly important physiological action that functions as a period of growth, repair, rest, and relaxation for the human body (â€Å"Sleep,† 2015). As a population, college students are notorious for their skewed sleep patterns and their overall lack of getting the sufficient number of hours of sleep they need to perform optimally in school. Cramming the night before exams by pulling an â€Å"all-nighter† as well as the overall excessive number of distractions that present themselvesRead MoreIntroduction. Sleep Deprivation Is A Condition That Many1349 Words   |  6 Pages Introduction Sleep deprivation is a condition that many individuals have faced at some point in their life. The National Institute of Health categorizes sleep complications into two conditions known as sleep deprivation and sleep deficiency. According to the National Institute of Health an individual is experiencing sleep deprivation or deficiency if they haven t received the adequate amount of sleep or if they do not sleep well (National Institute of Health, 2007). An adult should receive approximatelyRead MoreThe Effects Of Pharmacological And Pharmacological Strategies On Health Care Costs895 Words   |  4 PagesThe research problem was clearly identified. The aim of the study was to explore the use and success of pharmacological and no pharmacological strategies and to determine whether there is a relationship between use and success of strategies, on the one hand, and adults gender, age, income or education( Homsey, M., O’Connell, K. (2012). This research has significance in nursi ng because the information can be used by nurses or doctors to help patient guide patient in choosing the appropriate strategiesRead MoreEssay about The Importance and Intricacies of Sleep990 Words   |  4 Pages Sleep Sleep is the time when people’s brain is very active. Sleep takes more effects to the brain in infancy through childhood. During these periods of the life span the brain develops a lot while sleeping, which is why they fall into deeper sleep. During infancy the first year is the most drastic change of the baby’s sleeping pattern. Infants do not sleep throughout the night since they have not yet developed a sleep cycle yet (Lampl). Infants sleep from 12-18 hours a day. In a study done to

Accounting Information Systems Cash Flow Statements

Question: Discuss about theAccounting Information Systemsfor Cash Flow Statements. Answer: Literature Review: Accounting information systems are used for accomplishing the essential objectives pertaining to management of financial assets that involve monitoring their utilization and performance alongside the cash flow. The necessity for financial management is perceived in the capabilities of financial capital to provide opportunities for sustainable development to the organizations. The different references to significance of accounting information systems as well as their specific functions of promoting stability and control in the financial management infrastructure of the organization have been noted in literature (Amrollahi, Ghapanchi Talaei-Khoei, 2013). The effectiveness of accounting information systems can be distinctively observed in the functionality of outcomes such as precise cash flow statements, detailed accounting reports, control over internal dynamics of financial assets and institution of credible frameworks for data collection and processing. The literature review is also indicative of the case of a prominent organization in Australia, Myers, which implements AIS and therefore references to the organizations structure, operational issues, methods for system acquisition, control issues and sales flowchart are evidently placed in the review. Organizational structure of Myers i.e. the selected organization for the literature review could be observed as a flat organizational structure with specific demarcation of the merchandizing department into a brand and marketing department. The flat organizational structure of Myers is characterized by assignment of ultimate authority to the CEO of the organization over other departments (Astri Gaol, 2013). The various departments in the organizational structure of Myers refer to the HR and legal, digital and data department, planning and business development, merchandise and marketing, secretarial management and store development initiatives. Organizational structure is a formidable precedent for determining the nature of information system infrastructure to be implemented in case of Myers (Astri Gaol, 2013). Therefore an evaluation of operational issues emerging from individual departments and their operational implications owing to organizational structure has been included as a promising insight in this literature review. Operational Issues: The organizational issues which are identified with respect to organizational structure can be observed in the ambiguity of objectives, limitations for communication, conflicts among departments and the concerns of inconsistency. Myers Australia is liable to experience issues due to the discrepancies in functional segmentation and the limitations on accounting flexibility (Dorasamy, Francis Jinabhai, 2014). The accounting management services of the organization are found to be implemented specifically for individual departments wherein the individual departments are held accountable for their departmental activities alongside monitoring the financial aspects of the department. The flat organizational structure that can be observed in case of Myers also poses another formidable threat in the form of reduction in reliability of the information. The unreliable nature of the information is responsible for creation of operational issues that lead indirectly to discrepancies in strategic decisions (Galliers Leidner, 2014). The minimal association of accounting and physical activity leads to proliferation of confusion that ultimately leads to depreciating performance of each department in the organization. System Acquisition Method: The system acquisition method refers to identification of an approach to design a suitable system that could address the organizational requirements for managing accounting information systems. The process for evaluating the appropriate accounting information system is initiated with a comprehensive review of available software packages in the market and reflecting on the capabilities of the package to fulfil the organizations requirements (Haux, et al., 2013). System acquisition is considered as a crucial part of the implementation of AIS in an organization since it involves comparison of the software packages ability to satisfy the organizations requirements with the desired specifications presented by client. The System flowchart of the sales procedure is shown in appendix. The evaluation of capability to fulfil organizational needs is necessary for determining the options for internal development of information systems or custom development software in case the software package is unable to cater the requirements for accounting information management. The evaluation stage leads to provision of RFP by the senior management of the organization to induce changes in hardware and software thereby implying notable changes in the AIS package selected in the previous stage (Higgo, 2016). Custom developed software is a reasonable option that can be considered as a system acquisition method for the selected case organization of Myers Australia proving to be efficient in the resolution of accounting concerns of the specific individual departments in the organization. On the other hand, the selection of custom developed software system acquisition method results in profound requirement of time and resources alongside inducing higher chances for errors. The prospects that could be derived from employing an external agency, software house or computer agency that can assist in fabrication of the custom software alongside facilitating the benefits of sustaining effective communication flow and controls over costs involved in the distinct organizational departments (Islam, 2015). Control Issues: Some of the critical issues that could be noted in the implementation of accounting information systems are observed for the aspects of control and possibilities of fraud that can be traced in the information systems (Jin, et al., 2014). The risks pertaining to control and fraud implications in the accounting information systems are reflective of remedial measures such as integration of control in the development process, include strict implications for enforcement, environmental security and initiatives for training and development of workforce responsible for monitoring security of the accounting information systems. Control objectives for an organization are independent entities that should be supervised through policies and procedures rather than exposing them solely to the concern of data processing methods. The noticeable factors which are responsible for proliferation of concerns of fraud in case of the accounting information management frameworks include formidable references to the increasing competition in the retail industry, expanse of distribution of the wide area networks and widespread demand for business intelligence (Jung, 2014). These factors increase the vulnerability of accounting information of an enterprise to external agencies such as hackers and competitors that would indicate profound inefficiency of the accounting information system. Therefore Myers could face cognizable setbacks with respect to internal controls in the domain of preventive, detective and corrective controls. For example the preventive controls could be influenced by the misappropriation of information from accounting information systems thereby implying the setbacks in comprehensive analysis of the available information (Mochoge, 2014). The organizational codes of practice as well as regulations established on the grounds of benchmarks derived from experiential analysis could be flexibly assumed as influential factors that can facilitate adequate opportunities for recognizing and resolving issues such as control problems and instance of fraud. It is imperative to resolve control and fraud related issues since these issues are associated with detrimental consequences of reduction in organization performance especially on the financial front. Development of an accounting software package alongside ensuring its feasible incorporation in the framework of Myers organizational structure is an uphill task that should be realized for obtaining plausible outcomes from the accounting information systems implemented in the organization. Technical support is explicitly necessary for an organization to leverage the unique competences facilitated by internet in the form a widespread network of telecom installations across varying industries. The capabilities of the internet to serve as a common platform for integration of diverse information network could be reflective of necessary requirement for adoption to obtain desired outcomes of implementing accounting software packages for financial management of Myers. The functions of human resource management in the specific domains of technical skills, training and development of accounting competences cannot be undermined. Therefore the functions should be provided to the staff at all times in order to address the basic objectives of the accounting software package such as design, usage and fabrication of accounting information and information technology services (Munemori, et al., 2013). The operational aspects of accounting information systems are subject to the observed efficiency of human resources in maintenance and monitoring of the system. Therefore the management of Myers must consider comprehensive integration of the workforce at all levels of system requirements that can be a viable contributor to the coordinated resolution of accounting management issues associated with the various departments through the accounting software package. Myers has been developing consistently and its efforts in technological advancements and innovation have led to the proliferation of necessity to adopt a computerized accounting framework. Computerized accounting software can be invariably considered as the promoter of organizational efficiency since it is capable of facilitating legible depreciation in time required for delivering products and services as well as providing reasonable platforms for development of operational processes (Obwegeser, Burcharth Carugati, 2015). Accounting software packages have become popular owing to the increasing concerns of intensive competition and therefore they have acquired potentially favourable market size. The developments in the designs of accounting software packages over the course of the last 10 years suggest prolific indications towards the diversity of application noticed in case of AIS (Sood, 2013). Despite the favourable statistics depicted by the accounting software packages in terms of market share, the efficiency of software packages cannot be solely attributed to the implications of market share since market share is a subjective entity. On the contrary, the efficiency of accounting software packages is observed in the performance of tax and audit services that are included in the packages. The performance of the tax and audit services is estimated as a plausible determinant of revenue and the independence of these services from the implications of variation in economic environment is a promising factor associated with the packages. The proficiency of accounting software packages is also observed in other noteworthy services such as advisory and consultancy services which are enhanced through the integration of innovative technological aspects in the package. Some examples of integration of innovative technology in the accounting software package include cloud computing services and data analytics. The notable accounting software packages which have established credible reputation in the Australian market include MyOB, Xero and Intuit. The presence of these packages has intensified the competition in the market alongside creating major ambiguities for clients. The necessity of the contemporary accounting software packages for financial management can be validated on grounds of requirement for effective and precise supervision and maintenance of accounting records (OTIM, GROVER SEGARS, 2015). The popularity of these software packages could also be evaluated on the grounds of inefficiencies observed in the traditional accounting frameworks and physical record keeping in the form of duplication, inappropriate formats and incorporation of irrelevant data. The rapid growth of the industrial as well as business sector in Australia characterized by development of SMEs created the increased necessity for fulfilling the primary requirements of accounting management through computerized systems. Business organizations such as Myers adopt accounting software packages in order to accomplish the objectives of reducing workload due to paperwork involved in accounting systems. Other necessary advantages that can be observed in case of the software packages refer to drastic reduction of needs for commissioning human capital, omission concerns and the implementation of financial resources as well as time. Adoption of an accounting software package becomes a profound concern for Myers owing to the lack of autonomy of individual business units such as tax and legal department, planning and development and the HR department. The prominently noticed lack of principles of accounting flexibility require the individual departments to prepare their individual accounting and financial reports and refer them to the accounting department. This creates the presence of a redundant accounting management framework involving major concerns of duplicated data as well as the implications for data security (Obwegeser, Burcharth Carugati, 2015). Data security can be compromised by the circulation of accounting information among departments which could be addressed favourably by the information centric security approach that can be complemented by the services of cloud data security in order to obtain plausible outcomes and sustainable competitive advantage. However, accounting software packages have been associated with formidable setbacks as identified by various clients and customers. The various setbacks are observed in the form of out-dated modules, lack of accuracy and features, minimal efficiency and security issues. Other profound issues could also be noted in the concerns of access privileges for external parties in the software which jeopardizes data security (Jin, et al., 2014). Furthermore, accessibility of data and the flexibility of the user interface also imply potential pitfalls in accounting software packages which have to be addressed by the application developers in order to provide a credible end product to customers. Conclusion: The report provided a clear impression of the implementation of accounting software packages with respect to the case of Myers Australia, a leading retail chain in Australia. The reports major highlights were observation of operational issues and control problems in the accounting information system of the organization and the implications of HRM functions to realize efficiency of the software packages as well as a critical overview of potential issues that are perceived by customers of accounting software packages. References Amrollahi, A., Ghapanchi, A. H., Talaei-Khoei, A. (2013). A systematic literature review on strategic information systems planning: Insights from the past decade.Verified OK. Astri, L. Y., Gaol, F. L. (2013). Information System Strategic Planning with Enterprise Architecture Planning.International Journal of Communication and Information Technology,7(1), 22-37. Cassidy, A. (2016).A practical guide to information systems strategic planning. CRC press. Dorasamy, N., Francis, R., Jinabhai, D. C. (2014). An investigation into data management as a strategic information tool and its importance at the Durban University of Technology. Galliers, R. D., Leidner, D. E. (2014).Strategic information management: challenges and strategies in managing information systems. Routledge. Haux, R., Winter, A., Ammenwerth, E., Brigl, B. (2013).Strategic information management in hospitals: an introduction to hospital information systems. Springer Science Business Media. Higgo, H. A. (2016). Managing Strategic Information Systems: A Systemic Perspective. Islam, F. B. (2015). Relationship between human resource information system and strategic capability among employees in Jordanian companies. Jin, P. J., Walker, A., Cebelak, M., Walton, C. M., Nassar, E. (2014). Strategic environmental sensor station (ESS) location determination method based on weather-related crash data for road weather information system (RWIS). In93rd TRB Annual Meeting. Jung, H. M. (2014). Comments on Strategic Information Transmission.Mathematical Economics Letters,2(1-2), 13-18. Mochoge, O. C. (2014). Determinants of implementation of strategic information systems in small and medium firms.International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science,5(7). Munemori, J., Korin, T., Itou, J., Yuizono, T. (2013). Rantore: A strategic exertainment system using location information.Procedia Computer Science,22, 1210-1218. Obwegeser, N., Burcharth, A. L. D. A., Carugati, A. (2015). The Value of IT: Explaining the Strategic Role of Information Systems for Fast Growing SMES. InMCIS(p. 37). OTIM, S., GROVER, V., SEGARS, A. H. (2015). The role of Organizational Learning in Strategic Information Systems Planning in Uncertain Environments.Planning for Information Systems, 233. Sood, D. (2013). Role of management information system in strategic human resource management.

Leadership traits, strategies and behaviors

A leader is an individual who leads other people to the achievement of a certain goal. A leadership trait makes a leader to be trusted. Honesty is a trait that requires a leader to be sincere and have integrity. In handling mistakes, a leader should admit failure and allow corrections.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Leadership traits, strategies and behaviors specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Honesty should be displayed since in most cases people assume their leaders are dishonest. A leader should be forward looking by having visions for the future. The visions should be communicated to the team members. To have a clear vision for the future, a leader should plan and strategize on things needed so that no empty promise is given to the people. Competency doesn’t mean that a leader knows everything, but decisions made by the leaders should be satisfactory to the people. A leader should be reasonable and mora lly upright or emotionally stable on whatever he/she does. Intelligence helps a leader to solve challenging matters that others are not able. Intelligence is acquired through formal and informal learning. An intelligent leader has humility and always helps people to learn without showing off how smart he/she is. Inspiration on people helps them to act beyond a certain boundary and become motivated to achieve something. A leader should show people that everything is possible with a positive attitude. A leader should be courageous in everything he undertakes (Howel and Costley, 2006, p. 104). Leadership strategies make the leader to be thinking ahead, predictable and be able to solve any issues that arise. Time management is one of effective strategy a leader should have. Time consciousness makes a leader to focus on important things and do them on time. Ability for a leader to measure and improve productivity is important for goal success. To improve productivity, a leader should hav e information on what the team members can contribute and issues preventing them from giving good results. Work and personal life balance strategy is important for a leader. Staff should get a balance between the private time and work time without being overworked because it is not healthy for goals achievement. For problem solving strategy, a leader should create a team that will solve problems. To solve any problem in the right way, a leader should create a solution oriented question for the problem. Leaders should create a strong team to work with. Good team players give critical decision that helps in business growth (Howel and Costley, 2006, p. 107).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Leadership behavior should be good and powerful. A leader is expected to be respectful and treat other people in the right way. A leader should understand and review the needs of the team mem bers. A leader should be persuasive in achieving visions and should always make people believe in the plans. Some visions are hard to achieve because of challenges that may hinder success. It is important for any leader to have demonstrative character that focus on the plan accomplishment and the end results. A leader should demand for the entire truth and clarity from the team on any issue that need to be addressed. It is impossible to have decisions on matters with little information. Leaders should not shy off or hide issues with little information because it does not benefit the people. Courage is an effective behavior on leaders. A leader should have enough courage to communicate any bad news to the people. Some leaders fear to admit to people on failed goals because they think they will be rejected. Courage makes the leaders to communicate their mind on touching issues, for example telling a person that his/her contribution in not necessary any more in the team. Courage also m akes a leader to take some decisions however risky they are (Lorg, 2007, p.12). List of References Howel, J., and Costley, D. (2006). Understanding Behaviors for Effective Leadership.USA: Prentice hall Lorg, G. (2007). The Character of Leadership: Nine Qualities That Define Great Leaders. USA: BH Publishers. This essay on Leadership traits, strategies and behaviors was written and submitted by user Dalia Fitzpatrick to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

the unknown essays

the unknown essays Hate, black and thick, blinds and engulfs the mind. Shame pushes him back to the hole from which he crawled. Fear inhibits the mind, body, and soul, rendering the three capable of only bad decisions. In the novel Native Son, by Richard Wright, hate, shame, and fear engulf the livelihood of the main character, Bigger Thomas. Using Bigger and his surroundings, Wright depicts how living under such conditions leads to seeking excesses of sex, religion, violence, and drugs. Furthermore, this lifestyle and its accompanying excesses make it impossible for one to see the sunrise of hope, struggling to break through the black sky. Although Wrights story depicts the life of one man in a very specific time period over fifty years ago, his philosophy of hate, shame, and fear proves equally true in the real world of the past, and in the real world of the present. Fear inhibits the mind, body, and soul like no other emotion can. The study of fear in relation to psychology defines it as the emotional state of the anticipation of danger. How can one lead a healthy life when perpetually anticipating danger? As exemplified in Native Son, and as is true in real life, leading a healthy life while in a constant state of fear proves impossible. Fear paralyzes the mind, rendering it unable to think properly. Bigger makes crucial decisions while paralyzed by fear, and these decisions prove exceedingly illogical. When the reporters discover the remnants of Marys bones in the furnace, Bigger decides in a whirlwind of fear to flee the house, confirming his guilt in the process. However, Bigger could have done a number of things differently and more intelligently to reassure his innocence. Fear inhibited his ability to make a rational decision, and this exemplifies only a single occurrence of Biggers problem with fear- it has been a part of his life since the day he was born. Living in a perpetual state of hate, shame, and fear drives one...

5 Tips for Writing a Stellar Vanderbilt Supplement Essay

5 Tips for Writing a Stellar Vanderbilt Supplement Essay SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Vanderbilt is one of the United States’ highest-ranking colleges. With an acceptance rate of just 10 percent, it’s ranked as extremely competitive. It’s no surprise- Vanderbilt is known for having a wealth of appealing programs, including its school of medicine, the Peabody College of Education and Human Development, and Blair School of Music. Because it’s extremely competitive, you’ll need to set yourself apart as a prospective student. That doesn’t mean just your grades and impressive extracurriculars; it also means writing a killer essay to go along with your application. In this guide, we’ll tell you everything you need to know about Vanderbilt’s supplemental essay, including some ideal topics, some pitfalls to avoid, and even some analysis of past Vanderbilt essays that have worked. The Vanderbilt Supplement Basics Vanderbilt’s application is fairly straightforward. They accept multiple application formats, including both the Common and Coalition Applications, as well as Questbridge. What application you use is up to you. There are many reasons to choose one or the other, but regardless of which application you pick, you’ll still be answering just one supplemental essay prompt from Vanderbilt. Choose whichever application works best for you. In addition to the essays required for your Common, Coalition, or Questbridge Application, Vanderbilt requires one supplemental essay. There’s only one prompt with a 400-word limit, so you won’t have to choose between prompts. However, having just one prompt means that you’ll need to put a lot of attention into making your essay as good as it can be. You only have one chance to prove yourself in your essay, so make it count! A little latte art never hurts. What Is the Vanderbilt Supplement Essay Prompt? Vanderbilt has just one prompt for their supplemental essay, which must be answered in 400 words or less. Please briefly elaborate on one of your extracurricular activities or work experiences. The question is straightforward- Vanderbilt is asking you to discuss one of your extracurriculars in depth. This doesn’t just demonstrate to the admissions office that you’re dedicated to your interest, but also that you have passions outside of school. Vanderbilt wants to know that you’ll bring something besides academics to campus, and this is the space to tell them about it. Keep in mind that Vanderbilt isn’t looking for a list of activities or just a short discussion of one of your extracurriculars. They specifically ask for one, but you have 400 words to cover- which means you should spend some time unpacking not just the activity itself, but why you do it and why it matters to you. Be thoughtful; really think about your activities and why you do them beyond that they look good on your college application. Don’t just pick the extracurricular activity that you think Vanderbilt would want to hear about. If you’re a champion Mathlete but you really feel fulfilled when you’re making short films with your friends over the weekend, you should be writing about the short films. If your short film was played at a local film festival but you find more meaning in the time you spend knitting, write about knitting! It’s not about being impressive here. Plenty of other applicants will be discussing their charity work or science team victories. Use this space to discuss yourself, and why the things you do matter to you. If the most impressive thing in your repertoire and the thing that’s most personally meaningful line up, great! But don’t feel like you can only write about things like academic success, leadership roles, or entrepreneurship. Write about what’s meaningful to you and Vanderbilt will see your personality- which is really what they’re looking for- shine through. Reading Vanderbilt essays that worked is like planting a seed for your own success. Vanderbilt Essays That Worked: Analysis Vanderbilt doesn’t use the same prompts from year to year, but that doesn’t mean that looking at past successful essays can’t be useful. Consider this one from an accepted Vanderbilt student: â€Å"Never help a child with a task at which he feels he can succeed,† Maria Montessori once said. School was about letting my curiosity lead me and teaching myself at my own pace. For example, at the start of 7th grade, I was handed the Algebra I book and told to complete it anytime in the next two years. I was intrigued to have a real textbook, but a bit overwhelmed, as the math looked like a foreign language. After reading a chapter, I’d take a stab at the problem set right away. It wasn’t about getting the problems right or wrong; it was about trying to understand the material. As frustrating as this process was, each time I conquered a new idea, my exasperation was transformed into new energy. I learned how to solve problems independently and to know when to ask others for help. ... When I did get to high school, I was surprised at how well prepared I was. My two strongest skills, time management and the ability to work well independently and in groups, mad e the transition easy for me. The Mesa Sands experience shaped me outside the classroom, too. One of my strongest qualities is trustworthiness. Because my school did not have a set structure or rules, I’ve in effect worked under an honor code from the time I was three years old. This essay was written for a different prompt, but the fact that it was successful shows you that it contains features that Vanderbilt likes to see. The writer of this essay discusses their education at a Montessori school, which doesn’t take the same approach to education as many other schools. Throughout, they refer to the school’s teachings and how they shaped their learning, not just but the things they were taught, but the way that they were taught. Not everybody had this same educational experience, but that doesn’t mean that you can’t use some of the same ideas in your own work. The writer draws a clear line between how they were brought up and the person they are now- you could do a similar thing by connecting the person you are with the activity you’ve chosen to write about. What have you learned about yourself because of what you do? The writer is also able to discuss academic strengths without referring to their GPA, which Vanderbilt is no doubt already familiar with. Instead, they discuss their strengths as traits, like adherence to an honor code, trustworthiness, and time management. More importantly, they write about where those traits come from- something you could easily do by referencing the importance of the activity you choose. What’s most important to take away from this essay is the way that the writer connects the experience of attending their unique school to the person they became. No matter what your education was or what activity you choose to write about, you can do a similar thing in your own essay! Don't be afraid of multiple drafts- they make the difference between a good essay and a great one. 5 Key Tips for Writing Your Vanderbilt Essay Vanderbilt is a prestigious school, but there are some essay standards that hold true no matter where you’re applying. Follow these steps to write an essay that’s sure to impress! #1: Start Writing Starting is the step that sounds the easiest, but it’s actually the hardest. No matter what you have to do to start writing, whether it’s freewriting, brainstorming, or just pumping out a first draft as fast as you can, you need to do it. At this point, don’t worry about quality or being impressive. Just get words down on paper so that you can edit them into shape later- if you spend too much time worrying about starting with a perfect beginning, you’ll never make it past that point. #2: Edit Step two is when you can start worrying about quality. Read your essay aloud and see if you can spot problems with word choice and flow. If you’re struggling to read it, change words and add punctuation as necessary. Also think about your overall point. Does it make sense? Are you able to trace your logic all the way through without a problem? If not, find ways to connect your thoughts from beginning to end. Be thorough in cutting extraneous words. 400 words isn’t a lot, and you’ll want to make sure you’re making your essay count by picking vibrant, active verbs and clear language. Don’t worry about being flowery or busting out the thesaurus, but do be sure that your wording doesn’t feel tired or dull. #3: Seek Feedback One of the best ways to find holes in your logic or other issues in your essay is to get others to give you feedback. Find people who want to see you succeed, but preferably not those who aren’t going to give you criticism if you need it. Teachers and other mentors are a good choice, if they’re available. Don’t feel like you have to use every piece of feedback you receive, but do consider all of it. Your essay should always be your own work, so try to rephrase suggestions in your own words or rewrite confusing passages how you would write them, not how others suggest. #4: Take a Break With deadlines looming and other essays to write, it may be tempting to just rush through after getting feedback and fix everything. But take some time away from your essay, focusing on other college application duties or on other things entirely. Anywhere from a couple days to weeks to months can be good for improving your essay, though do leave yourself time to revise.Taking a break lets your mind forget what you’ve already written, so that when you come back to revise you do so with fresh eyes. This way, you can see holes in your logic or places where your language isn’t as tight as it could be. You’ll never be able to completely shed your attachment to your essay, but spending some time away from it can give you a whole new outlook on your work! #5: Revise Now that you’ve had some time away and you have notes to incorporate, it’s time to revise. Revision can be something you do multiple times, combing through your essay for errors and places to strengthen it, but eventually you are going to have to turn it in. Don’t get caught up in perfection- focus on making your essay the best you can. Check it for spelling, grammar, and punctuation errors to be sure it’s clean and easy to read, and send it off! What's Next? Starting your essay is often the hardest part. If you're unsure where to begin, check out this guide to starting a college essay perfectly, and don't be afraid to just dive right in! A good essay is just one part of a successful Vanderbilt application. If you want to really wow the admissions office, be sure your grades and test scores are up to snuff, too! Vanderbilt University may not be an Ivy League school, but that doesn't mean your application can't be Ivy League-ready. Use these tips for getting into Harvard to shape your college application, and you'll have no problem getting into any school you choose! Want to write the perfect college application essay? Get professional help from PrepScholar. Your dedicated PrepScholar Admissions counselor will craft your perfect college essay, from the ground up. We'll learn your background and interests, brainstorm essay topics, and walk you through the essay drafting process, step-by-step. At the end, you'll have a unique essay that you'll proudly submit to your top choice colleges. Don't leave your college application to chance. Find out more about PrepScholar Admissions now:

CD 361 - Language Development in Children - Essay

CD 361 - Language Development in Children - - Essay Example It is quite easy to understand the aspects of information delivery as defined in the article. The article offers a remedy to each dishonest use of information. The article depicts the significance of music in learning by showing how music influences the mind/brain. Moreover, the article confirms that listening to music derives fundamental cerebral advantages that enhance learning by activating neurons and maintaining synapses. The article uses relevant examples and diverse research to show how music improves learning by supporting hemispheric synchronization and enhancing brain coherence. The article resides on a scholarly journal. The authors are scholars with fundamental impact on human growth and consciousness. Professionals and students are the target audience for this article. I am not aware of other works that relate to this source. The work is highly relevant to the selected topic where it derives major contribution to the hypothesis. The book addresses the causes of attention deficit hyperactivity. The book defines the significance of music and other therapies on learning. The book recommends music to children with attention deficit hyperactivity and learning challenges. Indeed, the book defines the scientific basis for music in enhancing learning and attention among children. The author, Gordon Millichap is a medical professor. Medicine students and professionals like neurologists, nurses, psychologists, tutors, and thespians are the target audience for this book. This work relates to the above source since it defines how various aspects of the brain influences attention deficit hyperactivity in children. As such, the work is highly relevant to language development in children and contributes to the hypothesis. The site defines how music education prepares students to learn, facilitates student academic achievement, and develops the creative capacities for lifelong success. The site relied on quality and evidence-based

Inclusion of the Physically Disabled in Mainstream Schools Essay

Inclusion of the Physically Disabled in Mainstream Schools - Essay Example Significant attempts to transform mainstream/state schools and make them more inclusive to the physically disabled students have been made in UK. However, a lot requires to be done to make the mainstream schools completely accommodating to the disabled students. This paper focuses on the measures that mainstream schools in United Kingdom have taken to be more inclusive and meet the needs of the physically disabled. Additionally, the paper will focus on how successful or unsuccessful these measures have been in different institutions and whether the success depends on the resources that the schools have to their disposal. In the recent past, the UK government has dedicated itself to ensuring that all children get equal access to quality education irrespective of their diversity. However, the governments’ objective has not been fully successful. Physically disabled children are one of the groups of people that have been discriminated against in most societies. Investigations the UK education department show that most mainstream schools lacked devices to support disabled student particularly before introduction of the inclusion program. According to the medical model, most people view disability to be identical to disability or as a problem. However, other theories have been developed to counteract this notion. These theories include the post-social, affirmative, and the social models. These theories posit that impairment is not synonymous to disability. They argue that case of disability found amongst the physically challenged persons result since disabled are often not provided with the appropriate environment to reveal they potential. This can be demonstrated by simple aspects such as lack of elevators in most state school, which makes it almost impossible for children using wheelchairs to attend such schools. These contemporary models have greatly contributed to the changes in mainstream school in London to make them more accommodative for the disabled students. Accommodation of the disabled in mainstream schools is in line with the social model, which argues that segregating of the impaired people is irreverent and a sign of oppression. Most efforts made have been to improve the schools and accommodate individuals with impairments such as blindness, deafness, or other impairments that make it impossible for individuals to use the same facilities with normal individuals. Post-social modelists argue that segregation make the persons with impairments pity themselves. The social and post-social models are among the models that have greatly influence the development of inclusion programs in UK (Clough and Corbett 5-11). In ensuring that the physically disabled access quality education, the learning environment must be altered. This is more important in cases where the disability requires the students to make use of supportive devices such as wheelchairs (Department for Education and Skills Web; Norwich 16-28). Importance of the Inclus ion Program Ensuring that persons with disability are not excluded from mainstream education has been the most significant move in guaranteeing equal opportunities for all. There are a several reasons why inclusion of the physically disabled in the mainstream schools is important in UK. One of the reasons is because education is considered crucial in

Writing Discussion Essay Example for Free

Writing Discussion Essay * How do your surrounding affect your reading comprehension? How might you minimize distractions while you are reading for your class assignments? Many things may affect your reading comprehension. Your surroundings and environment play an important role in your ability to comprehend when reading. Anything can be a distraction if it causes you to lose focus and draws your attention to something else. Distractions can be visual, physical, and auditory. To minimize distractions while you are reading first make sure you are in a place that is comfortable and away from electronic devices; television, computer, and phone. Be sure the temperature is not too hot or cold. If you are continually distracted while reading, you may not have a strong understanding and may need to reread the assignment or article. * Do you think freewriting is a good first step to take when approaching a writing assignment? Do you think you might use freewriting as a part of your writing process? Why or why not? Freewriting is a good first step to take when approaching a writing assignment because it brings out ideas and creativity in a short period of time. I will definitely use freewriting as part of my writing process. Not only will it help me with â€Å"writers block†, but it will allow me to be more creative and inspired with my thoughts. No need to waste time editing, formatting, and organizing-just jot down thoughts and ideas. There is no wrong or right way to do it. It is another form of brainstorming, but on paper.

Everything You Need to Know about Vitamins :: Science Biology

Everything You Need to Know about Vitamins Vitamin, any of the organic compounds required by the body in small amounts for metabolism, to protect health, and for proper growth in children. Vitamins also assist in the formation of hormones, blood cells, nervous-system chemicals, and genetic material. The various vitamins are not chemically related, and most differ in their physiological actions. They generally act as catalysts, combining with proteins to create metabolically active enzymes that in turn produce hundreds of important chemical reactions throughout the body. Without vitamins, many of these reactions would slow down or cease. The intricate ways in which vitamins act on the body, however, are still far from clear. The 13 well-identified vitamins are classified according to their ability to be absorbed in fat or water. The fat-soluble vitamins-A, D, E, and K-are generally consumed along with fat-containing foods, and because they can be stored in the body's fat, they do not have to be consumed every day. The water-soluble vitamins-the eight B vitamins and vitamin C-cannot be stored and must be consumed frequently, preferably every day (with the exception of some B vitamins, as noted below). The body can manufacture only vitamin D; all others must be derived from the diet. Lack of them causes a wide range of metabolic and other dysfunctions. In the U.S., since 1940, the Food and Nutrition Board of the National Research Council has published recommended dietary allowances (RDA) for vitamins, minerals, and other nutrients. Expressed in milligrams or international units (IU) for adults and children of normal health, these recommendations are useful guidelines not only for professionals in nutrition but also for the growing number of families and individuals who eat irregular meals and rely on prepared foods, many of which are now required to carry nutritional labeling. A well-balanced diet contains all the necessary vitamins, and most individuals who follow such a diet can correct any previous vitamin deficiencies. However, persons who are on special diets, who are suffering from intestinal disorders that prevent normal absorption of nutrients, or who are pregnant or lactating may need particular vitamin supplements to bolster their metabolism. Beyond such real needs, vitamin supplements are also often popularly believed to offer "cures" for many diseases, from colds to cancer; but in fact the body quickly eliminates most of these preparations without absorbing them. In addition, the fat-soluble vitamins can block the effect of other vitamins and even cause severe poisoning when taken in excess.

My Reasons for Majoring in Business Essay

Why I majored in business? For numerous reasons, I majored in business, some common and others personal. All of my reason shared a goal and that is to graduate with a degree in order to enhance the quality of my life with a successful and fulfilling career. My common reasons for deciding to major in business will most likely be similar to many other students. Those reasons are that the business major had a perceived lower degree of difficulty to complete then that of other majors. The major also offered many different minors that I could pursue, thus giving me a variety of choices. Being that it is the largest major at most universities it offered the most classes at various times, which made making a schedule semester to semester that would fit into a busy life with work easy for me. Finally, the business major offered the best potential for securing a job upon graduation because of the broad scale of jobs out in the “real” world. On a more personal level, I chose the business major because I love business. I love the concept of capitalism, competition, making money from ideas, hard work, other peoples money, leading others in a common goal and achieving that goal, gaining success by incorporating all of these concepts. I have always wanted to be important, to be a boss, to be an owner of a company which I love going to everyday and to do this a degree in business was exactly what I needed. The business major was a logical first step towards this and so I chose to study business here at the University of Massachusetts in Lowell. It wasn’t till coming here that I chose to minor in marketing and finance in order to create a well rounded foundation and with graduation coming in May I don’t regret it.

Not an Egselent day for eggs.

Last night at approximately 3am, the police alongside animal welfare organisations raided ‘Egg-sellent Eggs Limited' in the east of Sussex after a four month investigation of the cruelty and welfare of animals. Nicholas Thrushball, aged 44, founder and director of the company was arrested under the ‘animal welfare act 2006' in which it cogently enforces that animals should live in a suitable and humane environment. Owner of this nationally known company was allegedly beating, hitting and mistreating the chickens in his welfare as well as storing them in shocking, suffocating conditions. The four month investigation consisted of hiding and monitoring cameras placed around the site as well as taking hygienic tests within and around the premises. The cameras revealed disturbing videos of the hens being electrocuted resulting in to the bone melting to form the shell of eggs. Also it was recorded that the hens were laying five eggs per week, thats 300 per year. A hen living in the wild is expected to lay 20 in a year and 240 in their life time of an approximate 12 years. Miss S. Ellis, Director of the ‘Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals' stated after the raid â€Å"Its horrific think that the most reputable egg company in the Midlands treats its hens in a way that literally make me feel sick!† Miss Ellis later told the Guardian that Mr Thrushball made an annual turnover of à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½70,000 in 2009 as a result of storing 30 hens in 1 square metre of their premises compared to the recommended 10! Sainsbury's manager Chloe Simons, a Christian mother of two said, ‘I'm disgusted to know my supermarket sells ‘Egg-sellent Eggs' Ltd. There are many Christian consumers out there and they too shall be appalled about the news they have heard. In the Bible it clearly states that all animals need to be kept in humane conditions, clearly this is the opposite!† Single mum of two said â€Å"I have been eating ‘Egg-sellent Eggs' eggs since a very young age and I feel really disappointed and cheated on after knowing the conditions the hens had been living in. I shall not be buying my eggs from this company and shall be looking into buying free range and organic produce where I know the animal has suffered little pain.† Organic produce and free range eggs are becoming increasingly popular in England and without a doubt, the world. Organic produce from animals as well as plants are ones of which no pesticides, antibiotics or hormones have been added to it. Free range eggs enable the hens and birds to roam around within the premises unlike the thronged factory farmed premises.

Ousource ADPC Precument to Tejari

Ousource ADPC Precument to Tejari Introduction Procurement outsourcing involves the outsourcing of a company’s major procurement operations to another organisation. This research study focuses on investigating how effective it would be to outsource ADCP’s procurement activities to Teraji. In order to accomplish this, the study must first investigate the need to outsource, and subsequently analyse the efficiency of outsourcing to Teraji.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Ousource ADPC Precument to Tejari specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is important to consider outsourcing the procurement activities of ADPC due to the important role procurement plays in supporting the core competencies of the company. While procurement does not stand as one of the organisations core competency, it remains an important function in the company as it is one of the only activities that takes place in all three-core competencies. The Problem With th e increasing complexity in Abu Dhabi’s fleet management, it is important for companies in the maritime industry to focus on accomplishing their core competency activities. Procurement (an element of company logistics) is the major non-core activity, which results in time and resource consumption. Considering that ADPC’s major functions include the maintenance, refurbishing, and development of the seaports, it is possible to outsource procurement. Should ADPC effectively implement these outsourcing activities, it will be able to maximise the potential of available time and resources. Due to the increase in fleet flow in Abu Dhabi, it is important for the management of ADPC to consider the possible applicable measures for improving its performance. The major way to do this is to ensure that the company limits its key performance indicators to the available resources. Thus, it is necessary for ADPC to outsource other time and resource consuming organisational activities, which may include procurement. The proposed solution In order to solve the problem of complex procurement, and to allow the ADPC focus on its primary goals, this project seeks to investigate the feasibility of outsourcing ADPCs procurement operations to Tejari service. In procurement outsourcing, a company transfers all, or a major part, of its logistics functions to third party companies.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Procurement outsourcing may be done to cut down costs or to create room for the company to concentrate on other significantly important organisational operations. Considering that the core company of ADPCs operations is measurable based on its ability to ensure effective fleet management in all commercial seaports, it may be necessary to outsource some of the activities that are less related to the organisations key performance indicator. The major functions of the ADPC are to ensure swift response to maintenance, refurbishment, and improvement of each port it oversees. These activities are not only tedious, but also require high levels of procurement and inventory management. In order to ensure that it can effectively focus on its core operations, ADPC needs to outsource its procurement activities to a company that is formidable and permits procurement via up-to-date methods. Tejari is an electronic marketplace that facilitates real time trading between different companies over the internet. Tejari has an experience of more than ten years in internet procurement and offers excellent services to many companies located in the Arab Gulf. Tejari offers extensive internet based procurement and logistic services. With over 100000 clients using Tejari’s internet based purchase systems, the company is now known for its honest, cost-efficient and excellent procurement procedures. It is anticipated that if ADPC outsour ces its procurement activities to Tejari, it would have more time and resources to focus on performing its core operational activities. While procurement is a major element required for ADPC to accomplish its core operations, it is important to note that procurement is more of a secondary operational function driving the company’s success. Therefore, there are no considerable risks associated with outsourcing the procurement operations of the company to Tejari.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Ousource ADPC Precument to Tejari specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Assessing Tejari’s Efficiency It will be necessary to investigate how effective Tejari will handle ADPC’s procurement activities. Tejari’s efficiency will be measured by performing a satisfaction survey targeting some of its current and past clients. The survey will measure different satisfaction variables ranging from the us er friendliness of Terajis online procurement interphase, to the physical promptness of the companys service delivery. The outcomes of the survey will be analysed to identify the customer satisfaction levels of the participants as the types of services the customers appreciate. This way, it will be possible for the researcher to recommend the best approach ADPC should follow in outsourcing its products to Teraji. Conclusion This outline presented an overview of the activities that would be contained in the report. While a solution has already been proposed for ADPC to follow in order to increase its focus on its core operations, it is important to investigate the efficacy of applying the proposed approach. This outline summarized the proposed solution. It also explains the process the report will apply in examining the effectiveness of the proposed approach. A survey analysis will be used to investigate the satisfaction levels of previous Teraji clients; their responses will be used to draw conclusions, hence a final recommendation.

Geography of Kiribati

Geography of Kiribati Population: 100,743 (July 2011 estimate)Capital: TarawaArea: 313 square miles (811 sq km)Coastline: 710 miles (1,143 km)Highest Point: An unnamed point on the island of Banaba at 265 feet (81 m)Kiribati is an island nation located Oceania in the Pacific Ocean. It is made up of 32 island atolls and one small coral island that are spread out over millions of miles or kilometers. The country itself however has only 313 square miles (811 sq km) of area. Kiribati is also along the International Date Line on its easternmost islands and it straddles the Earths equator. Because it is on the International Date Line, the country had the line shifted in 1995 so that all of its islands could experience the same day at the same time. History of Kiribati The first people to settle Kiribati were the I-Kiribati when they settled what are the present-day Gilbert Islands around 1000-1300 B.C.E. In addition Fijians and Tongans later invaded the islands. Europeans did not reach the islands until the 16th century. By the 1800s, European whalers, traders and slave merchants began visiting the islands and causing social problems. As a result in 1892 the Gilbert and Ellice Islands agreed to become British protectorates. In 1900 Banaba was annexed after natural resources were found and in 1916 they all became a British colony (U.S. Department of State). The Line and Phoenix Islands were also later added to the colony. During World War II, Japan seized some of the islands and in 1943 the Pacific portion of the war reached Kiribati when United States forces launched attacks on the Japanese forces on the islands. In the 1960s, Britain began giving Kiribati more freedom of self-government and in 1975 the Ellice Islands broke away from the British colony and declared their independence in 1978 (U.S. Department of State). In 1977 the Gilbert Islands were given more self-governing powers and on July 12, 1979 they became independent with the name Kiribati. Government of Kiribati Today Kiribati is considered a republic and it is officially called the Republic of Kiribati. The countrys capital is Tarawa and its executive branch of government is made up of a chief of state and a head of government. Both of these positions are filled by Kiribatis president. Kiribati also has a unicameral House of Parliament for its legislative branch and Court of Appeal, High Court and 26 Magistrates courts for its judicial branch. Kiribati is divided into three different units, the Gilbert Islands, the Line Islands and the Phoenix Islands, for local administration. There are also six different island districts and 21 island councils for Kiribatis islands. Economics and Land Use in Kiribati Because Kiribati is in a remote location and its area is spread over 33 small islands it is one of the least developed Pacific island nations (CIA World Factbook). It also has few natural resources so its economy is mainly dependent on fishing and small handicrafts. Agriculture is practiced throughout the country and the main products of that industry are copra, taro, breadfruit, sweet potatoes and assorted vegetables. Geography and Climate of Kiribati The islands making up Kiribati are located along the equator and International Date Line about halfway between Hawaii and Australia. The closest nearby islands are Nauru, the Marshall Islands and Tuvalu. It is made up of 32 very low lying coral atolls and one small island. Because of this, Kiribatis topography is relatively flat and its highest point is an unnamed point on the island of Banaba at 265 feet (81 m). The islands are also surrounded by large coral reefs. The climate of Kiribati is tropical and as such it is mainly hot and humid but its temperatures can be somewhat moderated by the trade winds (CIA World Factbook). To learn more about Kiribati, visit the Geography and Maps page on Kiribati on this website. SourceCentral Intelligence Agency. (8 July 2011). CIA - The World Factbook - Kiribati. Retrieved from: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/kr.htmlInfoplease.com. (n.d.). Kiribati: History, Geography, Government, and Culture- Infoplease.com. Retrieved from: infoplease.com/ipa/A0107682.htmlUnited States Department of State. (3 February 2011). Kiribati. Retrieved from: state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/1836.htmWikipedia.org. (20 July 2011). Kiribati - Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiribati

1894 Cripple Creek strike ( Colorado History the centennial state ) Essay

1894 Cripple Creek strike ( Colorado History the centennial state ) - Essay Example However, due to uproar from the miners, the employers decided to maintain the eight hour working time but reduced the wage rates to $2.50 down from $3.00 that they had been getting according to Russell and Cohn (11). Nevertheless, on 1 February 1894, the owners of the mine changed their mines and began implementing the ten-hour working schedule, which prompted those Union members to protest for the reinstatement of the previous eight-hour working schedule. Nevertheless, after realizing that the employers were not ready to heed to their demand, a war ensued. The war was characterized by use of lethal weapons such as dynamites and firefights. The war lasted for five months with the Western Federation of Miners emerging victorious (Russell and Cohn 13). This war has been very important so far as Colorado’s history is concerned. For instance, aftermath of the saw WFM emerged as a very powerful political entity in Colorado region (Jameson 15). This is after managing to draw many citizens and the miners to the group, which had been considered a militia by the government. It is reported that the WFM became so powerful and influenced the political destiny of Colorado as many politicians, as well as labor officials from the whole country, became associated with the group. As a result, Jameson notes that WFM emerged as a political force to reckon within the entire Rocky Mountain West (18). Political pundits argue that the strike has ever since altered the political direction of Colorado (Suggs and George 23). For instance, the aftermath of the strike saw citizens of Colorado fault the Waite for siding with the WFM thereby promoting political instability and violence in the region. The reaction later led the defeat of the waite during the November 1894 polls thereby resulting in victory of Republican candidate, Albert McLntire (Jameson 4). It is said that the

What was the Enlightenment and Why is it important for modern Essay

What was the Enlightenment and Why is it important for modern unversities - Essay Example The rest of the essay will foray into the wider implications of the Enlightenment and try to capture its significance to the academia of today. The Enlightenment has had a profound impact on the cultural evolution of Western Europe in particular and the whole of the continent in general. A landmark piece of scholarship that turned the tables in favor of scientific reasoning is Newton’s analysis and description of natural physical phenomena. The immediate impact was discernible in written literature of the day, due to the scope of this medium of art (Brians, Paul, 1998). On the other hand, it took longer for ideas of the Enlightenment to penetrate into art forms such as music and painting due to the emphasis on traditionally acquired technique in these art forms. While it is difficult to categorize the newly evolving artistic manifestations of the time, a few broad trends could be noted. For example, â€Å"At the opening of the century, baroque forms were still popular, as they would be at the end. They were partially supplanted, however, by a general lightening in the rococo motifs of the early 1700s. This was followed, after the middle of the century, by the formalism and balance of neoclassicism, with its resurrection of Greek and Roman models. Although the end of the century saw a slight romantic turn, the eras characteristic accent on reason found its best expression in neoclassicism.† (Hackett, 1992) As mentioned before, this rise of neoclassical artistic expression found its highest glory in the Literature of the day. All forms of literature, ranging from prose, narrative verse, poetry, plays, etc were infused with newly discovered scientific truths and newly evolving systems of natural philosophy. Such luminaries as Alexander Pope, Phyllis Wheatley, Voltaire and Jonathan Swift among others were at the

Legal & Tax Implications Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Legal & Tax Implications - Essay Example Your organizations expenses for the event total ,000. Artists, galleries, and individuals donate art to be auctioned at the event. Purchasers of tickets to the event, donors of art, and purchasers of the art at the auction have asked for receipts to substantiate their gifts (for income tax deduction purposes) to your organization. How do you respond? With regards to gifts of art, the law states that â€Å"gifts of art and other tangible personal property are not deductible if there are "intervening interests." For example, if a person gives a painting to a museum but does not actually deliver the painting and retains it in her home, then the gift is not complete until the actual delivery to the museum occurs. At that time, the gift is deductible. Sec. 170(a)(3). The obvious purpose of the rule is to allow the deduction only when the charity actually has ownership and control of the art or other personal property.† (Crescendo Interactive, Inc. 2009) Therefore, the purchasers of tickets to the event, donors of art, and purchasers of the art at the auction who have asked for receipts to substantiate their gifts can only do so when their respective art pieces have actually been sold and the proceeds have been remitted to the charitable organization holding the fundraising event. Case Study 2: P.J. Morgan started a bank in 1947. Morgans bank merged with Mega Bank Corporation (a publicly traded company) in 2000. Morgan now owns 1 million shares of Mega Bank Corporation. The share price is currently 0 per share and Morgans cost basis in the stock is .01 per share. Morgan has pledged ,000 to your organization and he plans to write a check for that amount before the end of the tax year. What might be another option Morgan should consider? What are the tax implications? According to Eisenhower Medical Center Foundation (EMCF), the basic rule is that â€Å"The basic rule is that a gift to a charity is deductible when the property or cash is delivered

The Functions of the Financial System | Economics Essay

The Functions of the Financial System | Economics Essay Introduction The objective of this chapter is to provide a theoretical and empirical literature review of the relationship between financial development and economic growth in general and more narrowly at sectoral growth analysis. Therefore, it is important to determine what financial development relates to, how the financial sector and overall economy are related to each other, and the implications of such a relationship for other sectors of the economy. In the following of this chapter, the study will first review the theory of financial development, whereby explaining the framework of financial system and how they affect growth of the real sector. The next section will focus on those authors who believe that economic growth is a good predictor of financial sector development. Further, effects of financial development on various sectors growth will be discussed. The next section will review the existing empirical studies examining the relationship of FD and growth. Theoretical Background Financial System A financial system is a network of markets and institutions that bring savers and borrowers together (Hubbard, 1997). Financial systems have become the keystone of most economies around the world. This field is of great interest to economists, who research mainly the causes and impacts of its development. Through years, economists has changed their perceptive has about the nature of the relationship between financial systems and economic growth. Bagehot (1873) established the pioneering theory on the relation between financial system and economic growth in his book Lombard Street: A Description of the Money Market (1873). He found that financial markets facilitate the accumulation of capital and these markets manage the risk from relative investments and business strategies. Later, Schumpeter (1911) identified that financial intermediaries facilitate technological innovation by gathering savings, evaluating investment projects, monitoring managers and facilitating transactions. The main argument of Schumpeter was that financial development affects economic growth through technological changes and this is done by banking institutions than stock markets. According to the Schumpeterian model, banks create entrepreneurs who carry out new investment projects that lead to economic growth as these rise in investment opportunities are available due to new combinations of providing finance to entrepreneurs. Following, there were Goldsmith (1969), McKinnon (1973) and Shaw (1973) who emphasised on the role of capital accumulation in economic growth. In the McKinnon-Shaw model, a well developed financial system mobilises savings by channeling small valued savings into profitable large scale investments. According to them, without a proper participation of financial system, these savings might not be available for further investment because a financial institution mobilises savings from various savers in an efficient and effective way by avoiding information asymmetries and lowering transaction costs. Unlike Schumpeter, they did not distinguish between the banking sector and the stock market. For them, both of markets are important in the process of economic growth. Although Schumpeter (1911), McKinnon (1973), Shaw (1973) and other economists emphasised on the positive role of financial development on economic growth, they failed to explain clearly how channeling of those funds affects growth. Then came Levine (1997, 1999), who has first depicted this link clearly. Levine demonstrated five main functions of the financial markets that affect the economic growth. More specifically, Levine pointed out that financial system Facilitate the trading, hedging, diversifying, and pooling of risk, Monitor managers and apply corporate control, Allocate resources, Mobililize savings, and Facilitate the exchange of goods and services. Functions of Financial System Unlike other economists, Levine (1999) produced a comprehensive way of showing the significant role for financial markets. The impact on economic growth occurs through the following channels according to Levine. As discussed above, financial markets play a significant role in economic growth through their role of allocation capital, monitoring managers, mobilizing of savings and promoting technological changes among others. Economists had held the view that the development of the financial sector is a crucial element for stimulating economic growth. Financial development can be defined as the ability of a financial sector acquire effectively information, enforce contracts, facilitate transactions and create incentives for the emergence of particular types of financial contracts, markets and intermediaries, and all should be at a low cost.  [1]  Financial development occurs when financial instruments, markets and intermediaries ameliorate through the basis of information, enforcement and transaction costs, and therefore better provide financial services. The financial functions or services may influence saving and investment decisions of an economy through capital accumulation and technol ogical innovation and hence economic growth. Capital accumulation can either be modeled through capital externalities or capital goods produced using constant returns to scale but without the use of any reproducible factors to generate steady-state per capita growth.  [2]  Through capital accumulation, the functions performed by the financial system affect the steady growth rate thereby influencing the rate of capital formation. The financial system affects capital accumulation either by altering the savings rate or by reallocating savings among different capital producing levels. Through technological innovation, the focus is on the invention of new production processes and goods.  [3]   As market frictions and laws, regulations and policies differs to a greater extent across economies and over time, the impact of financial development on growth may have different implications for resource allocation and welfare in the economy. Relationship between Financial Development and Economic Growth (i) Link of financial development and real sectors of the economy The theoretical evidence that financial sector development fosters economic growth has been accumulating over many decades. Schumpeter (1911), McKinnon (1973), Shaw (1973) Goldsmith (1969), Levine (1999) and other proponents came with a clear understanding of the role of financial development on economic growth. However, these theories do not provide a clear explanation of the transmission of financial development to the real sector of the economy thats lead to growth. Recently, some researchers have translated these abstract links between financial development and economic growth into concrete channels, such as household consumption, investment, trade (exports and imports) and government spending. Consequently, any increase from household consumption, investment, trade and government spending will have a positive impact on the real sector of the economy, and on the growth of economies. This link is illustrated below: Yt= Ct+ It+ (Xt-Mt) + Gt, where Yt is the gross domestic product, Ct is household consumption, It is domestic investment Xt is exports, Mt for the imports and Gt is government spending. Financial development and household expenditure are highly correlated, as discussed in Claessens and Feijen (2006). They argued that despite the causal relationship between financial development and household consumption is less clear than in the case of income, there is evidence that financial development is a leading indicator for increases in household consumption. Apart from increasing the household welfare, financial development also increases investment through the allocation of capital to private sector. The World Business Environment Survey (WBES), recent research concludes that finance is the most important constraint on firm growth. Other studies such as, Rajan and Zingales (1998), Perotti and Volpin (2005) have found that the number of firms in an industry grew faster in counties that have better financial development. Claessens and Feijen (2006) also highlighted that the presence of financial intermediaries with their products such as credit cards, debit cards facilitate domestic and international payment service whereby facilitating trade. The Claessens and Feijen framework hence has demonstrated the link between financial development and economic growth through concrete channels. (ii) Finance- Growth Nexus In the traditional development economics, there exist two distinct views of the finance-growth nexus. The first view was first proposed by Schumpeter (1911) who argues that services provided by financial intermediaries are essential drivers of innovation and growth. Thus, well-developed financial systems channel financial resources to their most productive use. The Schumpeters view was later formalised by Goldsmith (1969); McKinnon (1973); Shaw (1973); King and Levine (1993); Pagano (1993); Fry (1995); Zervos and Levine (1996, 1999); Christopoulos (2004); Manoj and Kamat (2007) and Hasan, Watchel and Zhou (2008) where all believed that financial development is a catalyst for economic growth. The second view suggests that economic growth is the major driving force behind the development of the financial sector. This idea is very much stressed in the work of Robinson (1952). According to him, as an economy grows, more financial institutions, financial products and services emerge in markets in response to a higher demand for financial services. Further, the Patricks hypothesis (1966) was introduced with the supply leading and demand following, which is important to determine the relationship between financial development and economic growth. The demand following view explains the demand for financial services as dependent upon the growth of real output and the modernization of subsistence sectors. Thus, the creation of modern financial institutions, their financial assets and liabilities, related to financial services are a response to the demand for these services by investors and savers in the real economy. Therefore, the more rapid growth of real national income, the gr eater will be the demand by enterprises for external funds (the savings of others) and therefore financial intermediation. Also, with a given aggregate growth rate, the greater the variance in the growth rates among different sectors or industries, the greater will be the need for financial intermediation to transfer saving from slow-growing industries to fast-growing industries. In this case, an expansion of the financial system is induced because of real economic growth. The second causal relationship between financial development and economic growth is termed the supply leading by Patrick (1966). Supply leading has two functions. Firstly, is to transfer resources from the traditional low-growth sector to the modern high-growth sector and secondly, to promote and stimulate an entrepreneurial response in these modern sectors. Thus, the availability of financial services stimulates the demand for these services by the entrepreneurs in the modern, growth-inducing sectors. However, previous empirical studies have produced mixed and conflicting results on the nature and direction of the causal relationship between finance and economic growth

Dickens and his Stucture Of Hard Times Essay -- essays research papers

â€Å"On every page Hard Times manifests its identity as a polemical work, a critique of Mid-Victorian industrial society dominated by materialism, acquisitiveness, and ruthlessly competitive capitalist economics† (Lodge 86). The quotation above illustrates the basis for Hard Times. Charles Dickens presents in his novel a specific structure to expose the evils and abuses of the Victorian Era. Dickens’ use of plot and characterization relate directly to the structure on account that it shows his view of the mistreatments and evils of the Victorian Era, along with his effort to expose them through literary methods. A befitting display of structure is evident through his giving name to the three books contained in Hard Times. The titles of the three appropriately named books are an allusion to the Bible, and are also â€Å"given a further twist in Gradgrind’s recommendation to ‘Plant nothing else and root out everything else’ (except facts)† (Lodge 91). In the first book, titled â€Å"Sowing, † we are introduced to those that Dickens creates a firm character basis with. The opening chapter emphasizes on Thomas Gradgrind Sr., and his students fittingly referred to as â€Å"vessels before him ready to have imperial gallons of facts poured into them until they are filled to the brim† (Dickens 12). Gradgrind’s methods of education are employed to show Dickens’ view on the evil of the educational system. Among the â€Å"vessels† are Bitzter and Sissy Jupe. They exemplify two entirely d...

Importance of Muhammad for the Success of the Arab Conquests Essay

When considering the question of the Prophet’s success in the Arab Conquests there are various factors that must be taken into consideration. These factors shape the success, give reason for the rapidity of the spread and illustrate why Arabia was so responsive to his message. Factors such as the state of Arabia and its pagan tribes, recent historic events and the dissatisfaction of the peoples, shape this drastic and historic change in the area. Arabia was in a constant state of war due mainly to the power struggle between the Sasanian and Byzantine empires; the emperors spoke different languages and believed in other religions than their peoples. There was little loyalty and it did not much matter to the folks under which rule they lived. The lack of community, a sense of unity between the various tribes in Arabia and multiple wars were predominant factors that made way for the imminent success of Muhammad in the Arab Conquests. From the time of the Prophet’s first re velation in 610 to the death day of the Prophet in 632, Arabia had undergone a drastic and, for such time limitations, incredible changes. Starting with the geographical aspects it must be elaborated in context how the state of Arabia, the birthplace of Muhammad, was functioning and what its beliefs were pre-Islam. It must also be mentioned that in comparison to the rest of the Middle East, Arabia was considered fairly primal. It lacked any form of government or state policies as every clan was totally independent and had its own rules and leaders, called Shaykh. Such leaders acted as mediators to disputes and needs of the tribe. The tribes mostly lived off pasturage as opposed to agriculture, excluding the harams that were implemented on travel routes, in oasis and in junctures to neighbouring areas. These served as a common point for economic, social and political trade, as well as worship. Arabia was home to various pagan tribes, including the Banu Hashim into which the prophet was born, spread over the area in no apparent kind of structure. Thus, it is fair to say that Arabia was a socially and culturally less developed area than the rest of the Middle East. Secondly, Arabia was subject to numerous power struggles, which fragmented it severely. From local tribal wars, to clashes between Yemeni, Nabatean and Roman kingdoms (sixth century BC – 271 AD ) to finally the main exhaustion of the region in the early seventh century – wars  between Sasanian and Byzantine empires. Only the rise of Mecca in the late sixth century as a centre for economic trade and pilgrimage, could establish a semi treaty between the leading tribe called Quraysh, Byzantines and Bedouins to ensure safe passage of goods, which was beneficial to all. Mecca won recognition as a commercial and political influence in Arabia. However, most of Arabia was still home to incompatible Bedouin communities, which opposed each other in political, social and religious views. This resulted in many conflicts and portrayed, once again, Arabia as a torn and unstable area. Having illustrated the state of Arabia, it portrays â€Å"a world waiting for a guide† around the time of the rise of Islam. A new form of existence, social trend and way of life was to be largely appreciated by rivalling tribes. The main documents of Islam, which emerged or deal at the time of the Prophet, include the Qur’an, a divine revelation of God’s words through the angel Gabriel to Muhammad himself around 610 and the hadiths, traditions and sayings of and about the Prophet. In 613 Muhammad first started to publicly preach and attracted early converts of mostly socially and economically weakened classes to whom this monotheistic message offered salvation from the falling order in Mecca. The sheer force of Muhammad’s inspiration and beauty of speech, as he was illiterate, seemed to persuade people as well as raise universal opposition. Muhammad and his followers shortly became a threat to the Quraysh clan whose pagan religions were challenged by his message, that there was one God only. Muhammad was still able to preach, protected by his uncle Abu Talib and his tribe the Banu Hashim and flourished as a leader of the community. The Quraysh declared Muhammad as a madman and discredited his preaching, boycotting his motions. When it became apparent that his word was no longer considered reliable and that he was not gaining more converts, Muhammad was in search of a political base that could shelter him and his followers from the attacks of ridicule and harassments. This base would act as a home for the community. The Prophet’s forceful and leading persona was attractive to solve Medina’s anarchic feuding. The year 622, after the pledge of al-‘Aqaba to defend Muhammad, is known as the most dramatic event in Muslim history and the first year in the Islamic calendar. This year marks the hijra, the migration and the entry  into a community of Muslims. Due to no existing leadership or effective rule in Medina and through the portrait of an â€Å"Arab Elite† most communities wanted to pertain to, as this included fiscal and job protection advantages, remaining pagans learned Arabic and soon converted to Islam. Jewish clans that rejected the Qur’an and Muhammad as a Messenger of God were either executed or forced to exile, their properties taken into claim. Not only had Muhammad, in 10 years, managed to attract a large amount of converts, but he had also created a base for his Brotherhood, called the umma. Here, the fellow Muslims shared the same beliefs and they were given clear structure by the five pillars of Islam. The Zakat, almsgivings, were a way for everybody to assume responsibility for their brothers within the community and support the less fortunate. In addition, Muhammad changed social norms by giving the patriarchal family a greater importance and rewarding women and children with more rights. Furthermore, he implemented rules for fair business transactions. Thus, Medina was an exemplary state, which prided itself with patriarchal values and a confederation for political and economic legislations. The Umma brotherhood integrated individuals, clans, cities, disparate peoples and ethnic groups into a community under a common law and political authority. Creating this Muslim community, consisting of the early followers muhajeruun and Medinan converts ansar, and a monotheist religion alongside Judaism and Christianity was a vital accomplishment, which marked Muhammad as a man of great influence and importance for the Arab Conquests. Having established a foundation for Islam, Muhammad proceeded with spreading Islam throughout Arabia. At the battle of Badr in 624, the Prophet’s army attacked an important Meccan caravan and claimed victory. The battle described as â€Å" a sign of divine favour† , earned Muhammad a renowned reputation around Arabia and marked an important defeat of Mecca since the hijra. This was succeeded by two more battles, Uhud in 625 and Khandaq in 627, which both had rather positive outcomes in extending his influence and eliminating further Jewish clans. Finally, at al-Hudaybiya, in 628, while Meccans intercepted Medinan pilgrims, a truce between Muhammad and the Quraysh was established enabling Muslims to pilgrim to the Ka’ba. This was  the first sign of recognition of defeat by the Meccans. Merely two years later, in 630, Muhammad gained complete rule over Mecca without resistance and managed to claim the Ka’ba as the holiest shrine of Islam. Through his divine revelations, his preachings and his persuading character, Muhammad was all around respected and worshiped as the Messenger of God. He made his â€Å"religious visions operate in the body of a whole society† enabling a complete social habitual change in Arabia. Through tactic moves such as the hijra, the building of the first Muslim confederation in Medina and the Islamization of larger parts of Arabia he laid out the first step for Islam. Needless to say that without his effective leadership, it seems unthinkable that the communities of Arabia would have been able to act in such unison. Muhammad did not only perform as a religious messenger but also as a political leader, unifying the tribes and clans under one belief and a set of rules. He formed such a powerful bond between the umma that even after his death in 632, the Muslim Caliphates continued to spread Islam and conquered virtually the entire Middle East, parts of southern Spain, India and Northern Africa. Muhammad’s enormous influence in the success of the Arab Conquests and as the Messenger of God in the rise of Islam is indisputable. Bibliography 1.A History of Islamic Societies – Ira M. Lapidus 1988 2.A History of the Arab Peoples – Albert Hourani 1991 3.The Arab Conquests – Kennedy 4.What do we know about Muhammad – Patricia Crone 10 June 2008 5.Muhammad and Jenghiz Khan – Khazanov 1993